Spring festivals of ethnic minority groups
Spring is considered the season of festivals for ethnic minority people, and each ethnic group has their own festivals reflecting their customs, beliefs and farming practice. However, all of them share the wish for prosperity and happiness in the new year.
 |
Dedicated to the god of rice, the festival is usually observed in early lunar New Year to wish for favourable weather for crops. It also seeks blessings from gods for good health and prosperity for all villagers.
Ritual offerings include newly harvested fragrant rice, ruou can (rice wine drunk from a jar through stalks), a cockerel, a hog and meat of wild animals.
During the festival, a rite dedicated to the god of water is conducted to ask for clean and clear water, implying good health for villagers.
On festive days, villagers drink ruou can and dance to the sounds of gongs.
H’Mong outdoor playing festivity
 |
On the opening day, the host prepares offerings for a ceremony to show gratitude to the heaven and earth for giving villagers health and children and pray for peace and prosperity for the village.
The formality to open the festival is a pan-pipe dance followed by a singing performance led by some old men and the festival owner who is usually a prestigious villager.
After that, different activities take place on a big hill, including crossbow shooting, top playing, danh yen (a game similar to badminton with the shuttlecock made of bamboo stuck with some feathers), nem pao (transferring a colorful cloth ball between teams) and gau plenh (love song) singing.
Fire jumping by the Pa Then
 |
Held right after Tet (lunar new year festival), the festivity, which reflects the Pa Then’s strength and wish to conquer nature, aims to win support from the god of fire for favourable weather, bumper crops and happiness.
The god of fire is also believed by the Pa Then to expel evil spirits and save people from misery, bringing them peace and prosperity.
The festival starts with lighting a fire for a deity worshiping rite conducted by a sorcerer who, surrounded by young men, sits on a bench, beating two iron objects to create repeated sounds.
The young men then sit on the bench in turn, starting to get into a trance. Bending down and shaking their bodies, they start jumping and within moments, turning strong and jumping into the fire without feeling hot. Some even lay down in the fire before jumping out.
Pa Then people believe the duration a man can jump in a fire depends on his strength bestowed by deities, which keeps him from being burned.
H’Tend, New Year celebration of the H’re
 |
Before H’Tend , people prepare food, clean their homes and villages, set up cay neu (new year tree) and prepare musical instruments and clothing.
On the first day of H’Tend, H’re people conduct a rite to clean their homes, expel evil spirits and receive fortune and happiness.
This rite is followed by an offering ceremony to deities and ancestors who are believed to join family members celebrating the new year and protect them.
After these two rites, villagers make sticky rice cakes and kill pigs and chickens as offerings for a buffalo worshiping ceremony held the next day. This ceremony is held at dawn right at the buffalo stall to pray for good health for the cattle.
After that, people have a party together, drinking ruou can , chatting, playing gong s, dancing and playing traditional games.
On the last day of H’Tend festival, people clean homes to welcome guests. During H’Tend , people wish one another good health, success and prosperity.
Muong Bi people start a year with khai ha festival
 |
Held annually right after Tet to review the old year and mark a new year, the festivity is a chance for Muong Bi people to show their respect for gods and pray for a year of peace and prosperity.
According to Muong Bi custom, only after khai ha can people go down the field to prepare a new crop and go to the forest for hunting and picking up forest products.
People attending this festival all bring along a rice ball.The festival consists of two main parts: the offering ceremony conducted at the village temple and festive activities.
An original trait of khai ha is the formality to repair Lo canal, the one irrigating the whole region. Each family sends a member to dredge and clean up the canal. After that, people have a meal together, eating food offerings shared to them and drinking ruou can.
Festive activities open with the gong performance by Muong girls, followed by folk games such as crossbow shooting, tug of war, top playing, sac bua (gong playing) competition and responsive singing.
Xen Ban, Xen Muong, Thai ceremony dedicated to village founders
 |
Starting the ceremony is a procession of the offering tray from the village head’s home to the communal house. Leading the procession are the village head and other dignities, followed by young people carrying four gong s and a drum together with pan-pipes and flutes. Then come old villagers in colourful costumes, bringing bows and arrows and taking two buffaloes as the sacrifice. Finally are the village’s guards also in colourful costumes and red hats, carrying matchlocks, swords and spears on their shoulders.
The procession is followed by the sacrifice ceremony conducted by a sorcerer. After that young people join dancing and singing contests, archery competition and play nem con.
After the festival, Thai people refrain from receiving strangers, farming and going to forest for several days. Every house is closed with green tree branches hung outside.
Roong Pooc, biggest festival of the Giay
 |
Giay people believe if they fail to celebrate Roong Pooc in a year, they will encounter numerous difficulties in that year, suffering misfortunes such as illness and natural disasters.
Roong Pooc starts with a sorcerer’s ritual offering. The offerings, which symbolize prosperity, include cloth, eggs, bamboo shoots, silver coins and 6 qua con (cloth ball) made by unmarried girls. Closing the ritual, the sorcerer gives the cloth balls for prestigious old villagers to throw them through the ring put on a high bamboo pole.
Symbolizing the sun and moon, this ring has one side stuck with red paper and the other with yellow paper. When the ball is thrown through the ring, each family in the village burns incense on the altar set up for the offering rite to pray for good luck for their family and village. Villagers then play nem con , tug of war and hold a ploughing competition for young men.
