The 217 to 201 vote gave Democrats a much-needed victory after weeks of delay caused by Republican tactics, a record-setting snowstorm and internal bickering.
More job-creation efforts are in the pipeline, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said.
"Today's legislation is ... one key element of our agenda to get Americans back to work and strengthen our economy," Pelosi said on the House floor.
The Senate passed the bill last week. But that chamber will have to approve it again before President Barack Obama can sign it into law because the House modified it to satisfy the concerns of centrist Democrats and black lawmakers.
The Senate will probably take up the bill next week after it finishes work on a much larger jobs package, a Senate aide said.
After bruising fights over healthcare and global warming, Democrats hope to show voters they can bring down the 9.7 percent unemployment rate before the November congressional elections.
But they also face a growing backlash for the aggressive spending measures they have taken to fight the worst recession in 70 years.
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